AB-Boshghabi (Centella asiatica) from Apiaceae family, has been used as a traditional herbal medicine in Asiatic countries for hundreds of years.This plant is indigenous to the warmer regions of both hemispheres, including southeast Africa, Asia, Srilanka, the Pacific Islands, Madagascar, Eastern South America, Venezuela, Columbia. It is especially abundant in the swampy areas of India, Iran (around the Anzali lagoon), and Pakistan, Upto an altitude of approximately 700m.This hygrophyte plant is considered as a "vulnerable species" in the Red data book of plant species of Iran. This valuable hygrophyte species has a definitely exclusive habitat around the Anzali lagoon. The major principles are the triterpenes asiatic acid and madecassic acid, and their derived triterpene ester glycosides, asiaticoside and madecassoside.The major clinical indications for the use of centella asiatica in human include the treatment of wounds, venous insufficiency of the limbs, Certain mycobacterial infections and cellulitus. In the present article, we review mainly medicinal aspect of Centella asiatica that hitherto has not received much attention.

Today Deteriorated URBAN Fabrics are one of the major problems which most cities have cope with them. These fabrics are those parts of the cities which have gotten rid of the life cycle of the city and have become a center of problems for them. However, Deteriorated URBAN Fabrics have different potentials and opportunities. If these potentials are demystified or activated, they will be used as a driving force in city development process. Many approaches have been offered during these years to surmount this problem, but these approaches mostly have failed, as they have paid attention only to physical aspects and designer´s tendencies. Furthermore, they have not attended to resident´s needs or other aspects of this problem. As to renovation and REHABILITATION of the cities is for improving quality of life, it is necessary to concern both physical and non-physical (social, economical, cultural) aspects. Residents are the major influenced of URBAN projects. Consequently, attending to their needs in URBAN projects is essential. Besides, this approach will help the projects performance too.Today Benefits of Participatory Approaches and using people participation in Renovation and REHABILITATION of Deteriorated URBAN Fabrics is undeniable. Governments, decision makers and plan performers have accepted that people participation in URBAN matters especially in historic and deteriorated fabrics has the main role in plans performance. This approach is not only helpful in project realization, but also effective in persuading people to help performers during project process. In this case, people will become sensitive on their settlement. Hence, they will find themselves more responsible regarding their environment, so keep it well. This article with concentration on participation in Renovation and REHABILITATION of Deteriorated URBAN Fabrics tries to perform abovementioned and identifies the selected participatory process in URBAN design. which includes three parts. The first part named as “Theoretical Basis” presents the participation description, short history and its levels. The second part named as “Participation in Practice” determines advantages of participation and explains different participatory processes.This part also presents “Sustainable Collaborative Approach” as a selected process in URBAN design. Finally, in the third part “Leh”, a city in Tibet, has been chosen as the case study and the Sustainable Collaborative Approach has been shown in its participatory process. This article depicts “Leh” as a successful case in performing a participatory process of deteriorated fabric and describes Sustainable Collaborative Approach in renovating this deteriorated fabric of the city. According to this research, the main goal of Sustainable Collaborative Approach is environmental sustainability and has been designed as a cycle. Sustainable Collaborative Approach is a process which can help URBAN designers and URBAN planners to perform their plans in practice. Moreover, Professionals and people are participating in all project´s levels.

URBAN spaces are expanding and developing against the social and cultural characteristics and also against the needs and requisitions of citizens. This process causes some social and cultural problems to emerge as well as defacing the appearance and the identity of cities. This issue has brought with itself citizens dissatisfaction, a feeling of non-belonging to cities, a feeling of insecurity, peoples’ irresponsibility in keeping and improving cities and finally decreasing the feeling of effervescence in cities. The growth of city sizes without caring about the quality of their designing has caused social gap, decrease in social relations and decrease in social coherence. The importance of this issue made the researcher to cast a deeper look to URBAN designing role in social capital REHABILITATION. In this research, with the help of Kevin Lynches’ theory which has a humanistic look in URBAN designing, we try to explain the relationship between social capital and development. The research method is predicative and reference reading with an emphasis on an interdisciplinary approach in order to heighten the interdisciplinary dialogues in solving the problems of today URBAN areas. The results are: Considering citizen principle in design and executing URBAN development plans. Considering the citizens’ needs and requisitions and their expectations of their living environment (the participatory development principle). The priority of URBAN space quality against URBAN area sizes and physical characteristics. Planning to improve the humanistic, cultural and social capital as bases of economic capital in URBAN development. Making efforts in keeping and improving cultural and social capitals and natural resources URBAN development plans and conveying it to the next generation.

Toady, one of the main factors contributing to the air pollution in such metropolises as Tehran are the suspended particles resulting from automobiles, heavy traffic on the roads,  and different industrial activities.Particulate matter (PM) is a generic term used to describe a complex group of air pollutants that vary in size and composition, depending on the location and the time of their dispersion. The PM mixture of fine airborne solid particles and liquid droplets (aerosols) include components of nitrates, sulfates, elemental carbon, organic carbon compounds, acid aerosols, trace metals, and geological materials.ADMS-URBAN is an advanced model which is used for calculating concentrations of pollutants emitted continuously from point, line, volume, and area sources and of pollutants emitted intermittently from point sources. The model is an advanced Gaussian-type model and uses Gaussian distribution for such concentrations and is recommended for regulatory use for multiple buoyant or passive industrial emissions from URBAN or rural areas of flat or complex terrains with transport distances less than 50 km and periods of time ranging from a few seconds to a year.The percentage of the suspended particles and meteorological parameters such as the speed and direction of the wind, temperature, and cloud cover were measured for the city’s municipality District 22 over a year, twice in a day (morning and afternoon), and for one week in each month. The data were collected at 13 mobile measurement stations during the critical time of traffic (the time with the highest rate of density and dispersion of suspended particles in the air).The obtained results were presented in the GIS environment of the District because of the availability of sheets in that environment. The output of this mathematical model was compared with the inventory model (databank) of the air pollution in District 22. The results showed a similarity between the output of the mathematical modeling and the real measured data.This model has been used for the first time for modeling the pattern of particles emission in Tehran. The results also showed that due to the existing vehicles and traffic, Tehran-Karaj freeway and the eastern border of District 22 had the highest density and concentration of suspended particles.

The old textures of cities are going down the path of stagnation and backwardness. On the other hand, URBAN areas, especially cities with a long historical background, often house many historical attractions that attract tourist into those cities. In this regard, the purpose of this study is to evaluate the role of tourism in restoring the distressed URBAN texture on the old texture of Sari. In this study, data collection and analysis methods were used through field studies and surveys, texture inhabitant questionnaires (144), statistical tests in form of SPSS software (T-test) and AHP model. And finally, the results of this study are the significant effect of adding applications related to tourism in the texture, beautification within the texture, and converting texture to pedestrian zone.

As the most complex manufactured structures, cities face excessive population growth. Their expansion has intensified on high-risk sites, and the available evidence also indicates the continuous increase of all types of natural crises in terms of intensity and frequency. Scientific and experimental findings show that the best way to deal with danger is to promote the resilience of settlements in different dimensions (social, economic-livelihood, physical-spatial and institutional); in other words, resilience in both human and environmental dimensions comprehensively. It decreases and increases. This research has evaluated and analyzed the components of resilience in Sari. The method of the present study is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical and field in nature. The statistical population in this research includes citizens living in the four districts of Sari, and the sample size was determined based on Cochran's formula of 383 people, who were selected from among the statistical population by stratified sampling. The questionnaire is the method of collecting library and field information and its most important tool. For data analysis, descriptive and inferential statistics (one-sample t-test and structural equation modeling) were used by SPSS and Smart PLS software, and entropy and SAW models were exerted. The research results indicate that the situation of the four regions of Sari regarding social components has better conditions than other dimensions of resilience. In terms of institutional components, they have a vulnerable state. According to the entropy model, among the components of resilience, the institutional dimension has the most weight, and the economic dimension has the least weight. Moreover, according to the SAV model, Region 1 ranks first, and Region 3 of Sari ranks last in having the components of resilience dimensions.

The main purpose of this study is to investigate the preferences of URBAN dwellers for various elements of URBAN parks in order to provide some important suggestions for REHABILITATION of URBAN deficient parks. In this regard, this study has conducted a survey in one of the oldest parks in Khorramabad, Iran, to reveal the overall satisfaction of the park situation and to explore the preferences of users regarding the characteristics of appropriate hard and soft landscape elements of the park. This paper uses five independent combined analyses covering elements of the URBAN park, including locational, functional, physical, visual and the vegetation characteristics in order to provide the most preferable elements for REHABILITATION of this park. For finding significant results, questionnaires are distributed among 100 park users during spring 2014. Findings of the research show general dissatisfaction regarding the existing condition of the park and provide some key points that can be helpful for improvement of the quality of the park based on visitors' ideas.

In recent decades, theories of landscape ecology have offered new perspectives toward planning and landscape design. Development of ecological network concept is one of the findings of this topic. In general, the ecologists and designers use landscape ecology concepts to apply a developed spatial strategy to different URBAN areas. In order to analyze URBAN ecological conditions and networks, landscape metrics have been used widely by ecologists. Landscape metric also have been used in order to judge the heterogeneity of URBAN greenbelts, to construct a sustainable landscape plan, to assess and provide biodiversity conservation planning, to describe landscape patterns for agro-ecosystems and to quantify the changes in forest cover patterns. In addition, the current study also tried to has looked into the URBAN ecological network of Tabriz city in URBAN scale in order to provide REHABILITATION of URBAN ecological network of Tabriz city. The city of Tabriz is one of the main industrial cities in Iran with a population of over one and a half million people (Fig. 1). Tabriz with cold winters and temperate summers is located in a valley to the north of the long ridge of the volcanic cone of Sahand.In this study, satellite images of Landsat with ETM instrument of 2002 are used to study the elements of ecologic network. To secure the results, land use maps at the scale of 1:2000 were also used. Meanwhile, in order to perceive and identify the structure of ecological network and its basic components, we essentially elicited the natural and artificial information-based layers such as the hydrological maps, green spaces and transportation network for verifying the natural and artificial patches and corridors. In such a way, we can best examine the ecological network of Tabriz city based on the basic elements of the patch, corridor and matrix. Thus, it is essential to analyze the ecological network through superimposing these layers and studying them based on landscape metrics (McGarigal et al. 2002) which includes MPS (Mean Patch Size), NP (Number of patches) and MNN (Mean Nearest Neighbor). The said metrics having been matched with the selective model (mosaic model) to study the network structures effectively. These metrics are analyzed using Arc GIS. By measuring the Mean Patch Size, large natural patches for conservation were identified. Number of patches indicates the level of fragmentation and the Mean Nearest Neighbor shows the level of isolation and fragmentation of patches. To map these metrics, a combined network of 100-ha hexagonal polygons is used. So the ecological network of the city was zoned and geographical data for each zone was defined. Size of hexagonal polygons was chosen based on the aim of this paper and quality and accuracy of data. Using hexagonal polygons helps optimal coverage of the whole city. With summarizing the features of Tabriz ecologic network, some zones can be identified in the study area. Then the functional approaches will be introduced based on landscape ecological approaches and the purposes assigned for creating ecological networks in URBAN scale. In this way, the protection and restoration of ecological connection in a system including the core areas, buffer-zones and the biological alternative connections are considered the main objectives of creating ecological networks. Such connection can also be helpful in providing social, cultural and aesthetic functions in URBAN environments. Some of the important ecological functions of such a network are providing a suitable habitat for the URBAN wildlife, built corridors to move and transport the species, food and wind and even creating some blocks for some transportation which consequently lead to a protected biodiversity. To reach the above mentioned objectives, the following approaches have to be considered:Increasing the consistency in URBAN ecological network through developing, distributing and promoting the quality of corridors;Maintaining the remnant patches and rehabilitating the spoiled natural patches to develop the balanced distribution in network level;Increasing the artificial green patches to create and maintain their balanced distribution;Increasing the size of patches or building large green patches to make a balanced distribution of large green patches. In general, some solutions can be suggested for each of ecologic zones defined by analysis of study area. In the first zone patches are few and small and the situation is adverse. Density of buildings and population is high in this area. So ecological REHABILITATION in this zone is difficult and expensive and it is not possible in short-term. Therefore it is suggested to have a long-term plan for conversion of existing land use to green space. The second zone where patches are smaller and less coherent, conservation of green patches and their integrity is suggested. In the third zone because the patches are small and near each other, conservation value is higher. So conservation of this zone is in a high priority.

Introduction: URBAN deprived area can be considered as a symbol of inequity. It can be appeared as result of wrong politics, socioeconomic structures, and inefficient URBAN management. Lack of practical and suitable system for equity measurement and indentifying and selecting the interventions in order to elimination of inequity has encountered URBAN developing with problem, policy makers with uncertainty about the appropriate choices and stakeholders with obstacles. The aim of this study was to assess the systematic accountability to citizens in Tehran "URBAN HEART" study.Methods: In this descriptive study, we used URBAN HEART method in order to measure equity in Tehran.We used second data to assess systematic responsibility, active participation in municipal activities, rate of standard activities and citizens' satisfaction in the 22 regions of Tehran. We gathered data from municipals, its affiliated organizations, and research institutions. In order to assess the rate of standard processes, we conducted a survey.Results: The average value of citizens' satisfaction (57%) was laid in low middle range. Participation in improvement of municipal services was 87/1%. Reporting to citizens was 3/37 out of 10 and finally, standard processes were not fully appropriate.Conclusion: The assessment of equity in governance indicated that the total performance of the municipal in all areas of governance such as responsibility, citizen satisfaction, participation in improvement of municipal services, and standard performing (55.32%) was laid in average range.